If you’re experiencing vaginal itching, discharge, or discomfort, you might immediately think, “It’s a yeast infection.” And you could be right—yeast infections are very common. But they’re not the only cause of these symptoms. In fact, misdiagnosing yourself can lead to prolonged discomfort and the wrong treatment.
So how can you tell if it’s a yeast infection—or something else entirely? Let’s explore the signs, what to watch for, and when to see a healthcare provider.
What Is a Yeast Infection?
A yeast infection, also known as vaginal candidiasis, is caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called Candida, which naturally lives in the vagina in small amounts. When the balance of bacteria and yeast is disrupted, Candida can multiply and cause symptoms.
Typical Symptoms of a Yeast Infection:
- Intense itching in and around the vagina
- Thick, white discharge that looks like cottage cheese
- Redness, swelling, or irritation
- Burning during urination or sex
- No strong odor (unlike some other infections)
Yeast infections are often triggered by things like antibiotics, high estrogen levels, tight clothing, a weakened immune system, or uncontrolled diabetes.
When It Might Not Be a Yeast Infection
The tricky thing? Many vaginal and vulvar conditions cause similar symptoms. You might think you’re treating a yeast infection when the real culprit is something else entirely. Here are a few possibilities:
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
BV is the most common vaginal infection in people aged 15–44 and is caused by an overgrowth of bad bacteria in the vagina.
Key differences:
- Thin, grayish-white discharge
- Strong, fishy odor (especially after sex)
- Mild itching or irritation
BV is treated with antibiotics, not antifungal medications. Using yeast infection treatments on BV won't help—and may even make things worse.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Certain STIs can mimic yeast infections. These include:
- Trichomoniasis: May cause yellow-green, frothy discharge with a bad smell
- Chlamydia or Gonorrhea: Can cause burning, spotting, or increased discharge
- Herpes: Pain, itching, or sores—often misinterpreted as yeast-related irritation
If you've recently had a new partner, unprotected sex, or symptoms that seem "off," it's best to get tested.
Vaginal Dermatitis or Allergic Reactions
Sometimes, the culprit isn't an infection at all. Irritation from soaps, laundry detergents, tight underwear, pads, or scented products can cause:
- Redness
- Burning
- Itching
- Swelling
In these cases, removing the irritant and using a gentle moisturizer or barrier cream may be enough.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A UTI may cause burning with urination and pelvic discomfort—two symptoms sometimes confused with a yeast infection. But a UTI usually also involves:
- A strong urge to urinate
- Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
- Pressure in the lower abdomen
UTIs require antibiotics, not antifungals.
Lichen Sclerosus or Other Skin Conditions
Chronic skin conditions like lichen sclerosus or eczema can cause severe itching and changes in skin texture. These are often mistaken for recurring yeast infections. These conditions require diagnosis and treatment from a gynecologist or dermatologist.
Why Self-Diagnosing Isn’t Always Safe
Over-the-counter yeast infection treatments are convenient—but they’re not foolproof. Studies show that many people who think they have a yeast infection actually have something else. Using the wrong treatment can:
- Delay proper diagnosis
- Worsen symptoms
- Disrupt your vaginal flora further
When to See a Doctor
Consider visiting your healthcare provider if:
- This is your first vaginal infection
- You’re not 100% sure it’s a yeast infection
- Symptoms don’t improve after treatment
- You have recurring infections (more than 4 per year)
- You notice a bad odor, unusual discharge, or sores
A quick pelvic exam or lab test can help confirm what’s going on—and ensure you get the right treatment.
Final Thoughts
Yeast infections are common, but they’re not the only explanation for vaginal discomfort. If your go-to treatment isn't working or your symptoms feel different than usual, it might be something else.
Trust your body. Don’t ignore persistent symptoms. Getting the correct diagnosis is the fastest way to find relief and protect your overall vaginal health.
